Antibody Detection and Identification (Online CE Course)

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Author: Margaret Alba, DOM, CLS(NCA), BB(ASCP)
Reviewer: Jessica M. Mantini, MS, MLS(ASCP)

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Do you find detective work exciting? Do you want to improve those skills? Our Antibody Detection and Identification course will guide you through the processes that will help you to expose the antibody that is the culprit. Antibodies must be identified so that appropriate blood products are selected for transfusion and the risk of adverse reaction is minimized. Clinically significant antibodies are capable of causing transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn and in severe cases, death. Learning how to be a skilled detective is essential so that you, the clinical laboratory scientist, can prevent those situations from occurring.

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Continuing Education Credits

P.A.C.E.® Contact Hours (acceptable for AMT, ASCP, and state recertification): 2.5 hour(s)

Approved through 6/30/2024

Florida Board of Clinical Laboratory Personnel Credit Hours - General (Blood Banking / Immunohematology): 2.5 hour(s)

Approved through 6/30/2024

Objectives

Discuss methods that are used to facilitate antibody identification.
Discuss the reactions that would be seen on an antibody panel if any of the following antibodies are present: homozygous, heterozygous, antibody to high-incidence antigen or low-incidence antigen, and an antibody exhibiting dosage.
Outline the process that should be followed to identify the unknown antibodies that are present in the given case studies.
Assess antibody panels to determine if any of the following are present: Multiple antibodies, cold antibodies, or warm autoantibodies.
Determine how to interpret the strengths of panel reactions, how to choose selected cell panels, and when to run enzyme panels.

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Course Outline

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Introduction

Course Introduction
Antibody Detection and Identification

Methods used for Antibody Detection and Identification

Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)
Test Methods
Significance of Reactions at Different Phases of Testing
Products Used to Facilitate Antibody Identification
Effect of Enzymes and Dithiothreitol (DTT)
Clinically significant antibodies react BEST at which phase of testing?

Antibody Detection and Identification

Initial Steps for Identifying an Antibody
Initial Observations of Antibody Panel
Rule-Out Procedures
Rule-Out Procedures, continued
Ruling Out Example
Ruling Out Example, continued
Ruling Out Example, continued
Case Study 1: Immune Alloantibody
Case Study 1: Immune Alloantibody, continued
Case Study 1: Immune Alloantibody, continuedUsing the information from the case study on the previous two pages, what antibody matches the pattern of ...
Rule Out Procedures: Selecting Additional Rule-Out Cells
Rule-Out Procedures: Selecting Additional Rule-Out Cells-- Example
Based on initial serologic testing, a patient is hypothesized to have an anti-K, but anti-E cannot be ruled out. In this case, which of the following ...
Picking Selected Panel Cells Conservatively
Rule-Out Procedure Summary Guidelines
These antibody panel results were obtained on a patient sample. Which of the following antibodies could account for all of the reactions?IS = Immediat...

Differentiate between naturally occurring and immune antibodies

Naturally Occurring Antibodies vs. Immune Antibodies
Example Of A Naturally Occurring Antibody
Example of Clinically Significant Immune Antibody
Alloantibodies vs. Autoantibodies
Naturally occurring antibodies may be due to exposure to which of the following?

Advanced Antibody ID

When to Suspect Multiple Antibodies
Example of Dosage and/or Multiple Antibodies Influencing the Strength of Reactions
Multiple Antibodies: Example
Multiple Antibodies Example, continued: Selected Cell Rule-Out Panel
Multiple Antibodies Example, continued: Explanation of Varying Strengths of Reactions
When to Suspect an Autoantibody
Cold Antibodies
Cold Autoantibody Example
Example Of A Warm Autoantibody
Is It a Cold or a Warm Autoantibody?
What is an advanced technique that can help to determine the identity of other clinically significant antibodies that are present if a patient has an ...

Antibodies to High Incidence and Low Incidence Antigens

Antibodies to Low- and High-Incidence Antigens
Examples of Antibodies to Low-Incidence Antigens
Examples of Antibodies to High-Incidence Antigens

Conclusion

Conclusion

References

References

Additional Information

Level of Instruction: Intermediate

Intended Audience: Clinical laboratory technologists, technicians, and pathologists. This course is also appropriate for clinical laboratory science students and pathology residents.

Author Information: Margaret Alba, DOM, CLS(NCA), BB(ASCP) is a Lecturer in Clinical Immunohematology at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and a Medical Technologist at Tricore-University Hospital, also located in Albuquerque. She holds a Masters in Oriental Medicine from the International Institute of Chinese Medicine and a Bachelor of Science degree in Medical Technology from the University of Texas at El Paso.

Reviewer Information: Jessica M. Mantini, MS, MLS(ASCP) is a clinical instructor of Immunohematology at the Ohio State University School of Allied Medical Professions and the Program Director for the Medical Laboratory Science Division. She holds an MS in Allied Health Management from Ohio State University.

Course Description: This course will take you through several methods that can be used in the process of identifying an antibody in transfusion medicine. Four case studies are presented that take you step-by-step through these procedures and provide you with appropriate panel results.