References

Abdolrasouli A, Roushan A. Corynebacterium propinquum associated with acute, nongonococcal urethritis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2013;40(10):829-831. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000027

ABIS online. Arcanobacterium. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Actinomycetaceae.html

ABIS online. Bifidobacterium adolescentis. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Bifidobacterium/bifidobacterium_adolescentis.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium accolens. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/accolens.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium amycolatum. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/amycolatum.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/diphtheriae.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium jeikeium. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/jeikeium.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/kroppenstedtii.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium macginleyi. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/macginleyi.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium minutissimum. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/minutissimum.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium nigricans. The Great Bacteria Book. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/nigricans.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium propinquum. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/propinquum.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/pseudotuberculosis.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium riegelii. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/riegelii.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium striatum. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/striatum.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium ulcerans. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/ulcerans.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium urealyticum. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/urealyticum.html

ABIS online. Corynebacterium xerosis. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/xerosis.html

ABIS online. Rothia dentocariosa. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Micrococcaceae/rothia_dentocariosa.html

ABIS online. Trueperella bernardii. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Actinomycetaceae/trueperella_bernardiae.html

ABIS online. Turicella otitidis. The Great Bacteria Book. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.tgw1916.net/Corynebacterium/turicella_otitidis.html

AlaskaWeb.org. The 1925 serum run to Nome. 2014. Accessed July 28, 2023. http://alaskaweb.org/disease/1925serumrun.htm

Al-Sardi M, Radwan H, Itbaileh, A, AlMusa Z. Leifsonia species bacteremia in a hemodialysis patient: A difficult-to-identify organism. Cureus. 2021;13(9):e17994. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17994

Ang L, Brown H. Corynebacterium accolens isolated from breast abscess: Possible association with granulomatous mastitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2007;45(5):1666-1668. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02160-06

Aoki T, Kitazawa K, Deguchi H, Sotozono C. Current evidence for Corynebacterium on the ocular surface. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):254. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020254

Bernard K, Munro C, Wiebe D, Ongsansoy E. Characteristics of rare or recently described Corynebacterium species recovered from human clinical material in Canada. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2020;40(11):4375-4381. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.11.4375-4381.2002

Blackberg A, Falk L, Oldberg K, Olaison L, Rasmussen M. Infective endocarditis due to Corynebacterium species: Clinical features and antibiotic resistance. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2021;8(3):ofab055. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab055

Bratcher D. Other Corynebacterium. In: Sarah S. Long, ed. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2022:Ch.131.

Bregenzer T, Frei R, Ohnacker H, Zimmerli W. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in a butcher. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 1997;3(6):696-698. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)64519-5/fulltext

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. Edwin Klebs: German physician and bacteriologist. In: Britannica, T., eds. Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 Feb. 2023. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Klebs

Brogden K, Guthmiller J, Taylor C. Human polymicrobial infections. The Lancet. 2005;365(9455):253-255. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17745-9

Buch P, Chai Y, Goluch E. Treating polymicrobial infections in chronic diabetic wounds. Clinical Microbiology Review. 2019;32(2):e00091-18. Published 2019 Jan 6. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00091-18

Cacopardo B, Stefani S, Cardi F, Cardi C, Pinzone M, Nunnari G. Surgical site infection by Corynebacterium macginleyi in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2013;2013:970678. doi: 10.1155/2013/970678

Carroll KC, Munson E, Butler-Wu SM, Patrick S. Point-counterpoint: What's in a name? Clinical microbiology laboratories should use nomenclature based on current taxonomy. J Clin Microbiol. 2023;61(1):e0173222. doi:10.1128/jcm.01732-22

Carroll KC, Pfaller MA. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 13th edition. ASM Press.2023.

Cartwright C, Stock F, Kruczak-Filipov P, Gill V. Rapid method for presumptive identification of Corynebacterium jeikeium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993;31(12):3320-3322. 1993. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jcm.31.12.3320-3322.1993

Cazanave C, Greenwood-Quaintance K, Hanssen A, Patel R. Corynebacterium prosthetic joint infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012;50(5):1518-1523. doi: 10.1128/JCM.06439-11

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FAQs: Urinary tract infection (UTI) events: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection [CAUTI] and non-catheter-associated urinary tract infection [UTI] and other urinary system infection [USI]. National Healthcare Safety Network. Last reviewed March 24, 2023. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/faqs/faq-uti.html#q20

Chauvelot P, Ferry T, Tafani V, et al. Bone and joint infection involving Corynebacterium spp.: From clinical features to pathophysiological pathways. Clinical Features to Pathophysiological Pathway. 2021;7:539501. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.539501

Chaves B, Tadi P. Gentamicin. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Last update April 20, 2023. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557550/

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria, 3ed. CLSI Guideline M45. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2016.

Daneshvar M, Hollis D, Weyant R, et al. Identification of some charcoal-black-pigmented CDC fermentative Coryneform Group 4 isolates as Rothia dentocariosa and some as Corynebacterium aurimucosum: Proposal of Rothia dentocariosa emend. Georg and Brown 1967, Corynebacterium aurimucosum emend. Yassin et al. 2002, and Corynebacterium nigricans Shukla et al. 2003 pro synon. Corynebacterium aurimucosum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004;42(9):4189-4198. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.9.4189-4198.2004

Dragomirescu C, Lixandru B, Coldea I, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Corynebacterium species isolated from clinical samples in Romania. Antibiotics. 2020;9(1):31. Published 2020 Jan 16. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9010031

Farzam K, Nessel T, Quick J. Erythromycin. In: StatPearls, ed. StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Last update Dec. 27, 2022. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532249/

Fernández-Natal I, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Marrodán-Ciordia T, et al. Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of one antibiotic-sensitive and one multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii strain isolated from patients with granulomatous mastitis. New Microbes and New Infections. 2016;14:93-97. Published 2016 Sep 10. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2016.09.006

Fernández-Natal I, Sáez-Nieto J, Medina-Pascual M, et al. Dermabacter hominis: A usually daptomycin-resistant gram-positive organism infrequently isolated from human clinical samples. New Microbes and New Infections. 2013;1(3):35-40. doi: 10.1002/2052-2975.31

Forquin-Gomez M, Weimer B. Brevibacterium. In: Carl A. Batt and Mary Lou Tortorello, ed. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2014:324-330. Accessed July 28, 2023. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00047-1

Frassetto L, Chandrasekar PH. Corynebacterium infections. Emedicine.medscape.com. Updated Feb 18, 2022. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215100-overview?form=fpf

Global RPh. Corynebacterium species. Online: The Clinician's Ultimate Reference. Page updated April 20, 2014. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://globalrph.com/bacteria/corynebacterium-species/

Gobetti M, Rizzello C. Arthrobacter. In: Carl A. Batt and Mary Lou Tortorello, ed. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2014:69-76. Accessed July 28, 2023. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00009-4

Gomes D, Martins C, Faria L, et al. Corynebacterium diphtheriae as an emerging pathogen in nephrostomy catheter-related infection: evaluation of traits associated with bacterial virulence. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009;58:1419-1427. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.012161-0

Granok A, Benjamin P, Garrett L. Corynebacterium minutissimum bacteremia in an immunocompetent host with cellulitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002;35(4):e40-e42. doi: 10.1086/341981

Gupta R, Popli T, Ranchal P, et al. Corynebacterium jeikeium endocarditis: A review of the literature. Cardiology in review. 2021;29(5):259-262. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000355

Hacker E, Antunes C, Mattos-Guaraldi A, Burkovski A, Tauch A. Corynebacterium ulcerans, an emerging human pathogen. Future Microbiology. 2016;11(9):1191-1208. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0085

Hahn W, Werth B, Butler-Wu S, Rakita R. Multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium striatum associated with increased use of parenteral antimicrobial drugs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2016;22(11):1908-1914. doi: 10.3201/eid2211.160141

Harrington A, Clarridge III J, Mahlen S. Corynebacterium spp. as established and emerging respiratory pathogens. In: Yi-Wei Tang, ed. Molecular Medical Microbiology. London, UK: Academic Press; 2015:91.

Hinic V, Lang C, Weisser M, Straub C, Frei R, Goldenberger D. Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum: A potentially misidentified and multiresistant Corynebacterium species isolated from clinical specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012;50(8):2561-2567. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00386-12

Jangda U, Upadhyay A, Bagheri F, Patel N, Mendelson R. Corynebacterium propinquum: A rare cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Case Reports in Medicine. 2016;2016:1391789. doi: 10.1155/2016/1391789

Join-Lambert O, Ouache M, Canioni D, et al. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis necrotizing lymphadenitis in a twelve-year-old patient. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2006;25(9):848-851. doi: 10.1097/01.inf.0000234071.93044.77

Kang S, Choi S, Choi J, et al. Factors affecting the clinical relevance of Corynebacterium striatum isolated from blood cultures. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(6):e0199454. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199454

Kawasaki Y, Matsubara K, Ishihara H, et al. Corynebacterium propinquum as the first cause of infective endocarditis in childhood. Journal of infection and chemotherapy. 2015;20(5):317-319. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.10.013

Kebbe J, Mador M. Corynebacterium macginleyi: A cause of ventilator associated pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 2015;16(2015):154-156. Published 2015 Nov 2. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2015.10.004

Laffineur K, Avesani V, Cornu G, et al. Bacteremia due to a novel Microbacterium species in a patient with leukemia and description of Microbacterium paraoxydans sp. nov.. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003;41(5):2242-2246. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.5.2242-2246.2003

Le Flèche-Matéos A, Berthet N, Lomprez F, et al. Recurrent breast abscesses due to Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii, a human pathogen uncommon in Caucasian women. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2012;2012:120968. doi: 10.1155/2012/120968

Letek M, Ordonez E, Fernandez-Natal I, Gil J, Mateos L. Identification of the emerging skin pathogen Corynebacterium amycolatum using PCR-amplification of the essential divIVA gene as a target. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2006;265(2):256-263. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00492.x

Lopez D, Vlamakis H, Kolter R. Biofilms. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2010;2(7):a000398. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000398

Marull J, Casares P. Nosocomial valve endocarditis due to Corynebacterium striatum: A case report. Cases Journal. 2008;1(388). Published 2008 Dec 12. doi: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-388

Meinel D, Konrad R, Berger A, et al. Zoonotic transmission of toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans strain, Germany, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2015;21(2):356-358. doi: 10.3201/eid2102.141160

Moore Pardo S, Patel R, Ramsakal A, Greene J. Disseminated Corynebacterium jeikeium infection in cancer patients. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8764. Published 2020 Jun 22. doi: 10.7759/cureus.8764

Mosele M, Veronese N, Bolzetta F, Manzato E, Sergi G. A rare case of sepsis due to Corynebacterium macginleyi from central venous catheter in an elderly woman. The new microbiologica. 2012;35(1):89-91. 2012. Accessed July 28, 2023. http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2012/1/89.pdf

Mule P, Patil N, Gaikwad S. Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum a potential pathogen in breast abscess: A case report . International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases. 2018;4(1):42-44. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18231/2455-6807.2018.0009

Pierciaccante A, Pompeo M, Fabi F, Venditti M. Successful treatment of Corynebacterium urealyticum encrusted cystitis: A case report and literature review. Le infezioni in medicina. 2007;15(1):56-58. Accessed July 28, 2023. http://www.infezmed.it/media/journal/Vol_15_1_2007_7.pdf

Prygiel M, Polak M, Mosiej E, Wdowiak K, Forminska K, Zasada AA. New Corynebacterium species with the potential to produce diphtheria toxin. Pathogens. 2022;11(11):1264. Published 2022 Oct 30. doi:10.3390/pathogens11111264

Rajoka M, Malik K. Cellulomonas: Characteristics of the genus. In: Richard Robinson, ed. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Berkshire, UK: Academic Press; 1999:365-371. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122270703002907

Ramsey M, Freire M, Gabrilska R, Rumbaugh K, Lemon K. Staphylococcus aureus shifts toward commensalism in response to Corynebacterium species. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016;7:1230. Published 2016 Aug 17. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01230

Rasmussen M, Wramneby Mohlin A, Nilson B. From contamination to infective endocarditis: A population-based retrospective study of Corynebacterium isolated from blood cultures. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2020;39(1):113-119. doi: 10.1007/s10096-019-03698-6

Rijal N. Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Properties, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis. Microbeonline. Updated May 5, 2022. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://microbeonline.com/corynebacterium-diphtheriae-properties-pathogenesis-diagnosis/

Rivero M, Alonso J, Ramon M, et al. Infections due to Cellulosimicrobium species: case report and literature review. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2019;19(1):816. Published 2019 Sep 18. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4440-2

Robinson J. Colonization and infection of the respiratory tract: What do we know? Paediatrics Child Health. 2004;9(1):21-24. doi:10.1093/pch/9.1.21

Rudresh S, Ravi G, Alex A, Mamatha K, Sunitha L, Ramya K. Non Diphtheritic Corynebacteria: An emerging nosocomial pathogen in skin and soft tissue infection. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015;9(12):DC19-DC21. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/15580.6977

Sabbah M, Reboli A. Infectious diseases: Other coryneforms. Infectious Disease Adviser. Jan 19, 2019. Accessed July 28 2023. https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/other-coryneforms/

Salem N, Salem L, Saber S, Ismail G, Bluth M. Corynebacterium urealyticum: A comprehensive review of an understated organism. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2015;8:129-145. Published 2015 May 21. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S74795

Sengupta M, Naina P, Balaji V, Anandan S. Corynebacterium amycolatum: An unexpected pathogen in the ear. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015;9(12):DD01-DD3. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/15134.7002

Shariff M, Aditi A, Beri K. Corynebacterium striatum: An emerging respiratory pathogen. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2018;12(7):581-586. Published 2018 Jul 31. doi: 10.3855/jidc.10406

Shukla S, Bernard K, Harney M, Frank D, Reed K. Corynebacterium nigricans sp. nov.: Proposed name for a black-pigmented Corynebacterium species recovered from the human female urogenital tract. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003;41(9):4353-4358. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.9.4353-4358.2003

Smith K, Oram D. Corynebacteria (including diphtheria). In: Moselio Schaechter, ed. Encyclopedia of Microbiology. London, UK: Academic Press; 2009:94-106.

The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Timeline: History of vaccines. Updated Oct 21, 2021. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://historyofvaccines.org/history/vaccine-timeline/timeline

The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Overview: The history of vaccines. n.d. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/credits

Todar K. Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae). In: Kenneth Todar, ed. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Madison, WI: Kenneth Todar; 2020:42. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://textbookofbacteriology.net/diphtheria.html

Todokoro D, Eguchi H, Yamada N, Sodeyama H, Hosoya R, Kishi S. Contact lens-related infectious keratitis with white plaque formation caused by Corynebacterium propinquum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2015;53(9):3092-3095. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00899-15

Wagner J, Ignatius R, Voss S, et al. Infection of the skin caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans and mimicking classical cutaneous diphtheria. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33(9):1598-1600. doi: 10.1086/322969

Weiss S, Efstratiou A, Chiou C. Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria). Microbes (monograph). Last reviewed 2017. Accessed July 28, 2023. http://www.antimicrobe.org/b99.asp

Wauters G, Van Bosterhaut B, Janssens M, Verhaegen J. Identification of Corynebacterium amycolatum and other nonlipophilic fermentative corynebacteria of human origin. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998;36(5):1430-1432. doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.5.1430-1432.1998

World Health Organization (WHO). Diphtheria reported cases and incidence. 2022. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/incidence/diphtheria.html?CODE=USA&YEAR=

Yang K, Kruse R, Lin W, Musher D. Corynebacteria as a cause of pulmonary infection: a case series and literature review. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2018;10(10):1-8. Published 2018 Oct 5. doi: 10.1186/s41479-018-0054-5

Yip D, Gerriets V. Penicillin. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Last update May 19, 2022. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554560/