Course Outline
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- Introduction to Normal Flora
- Roles of Normal Flora
- Normal Flora by Major Body Site
- Common Skin Flora and Their Clinical Significance
- Which organism is part of the normal skin flora?
- Common Upper Respiratory Tract Flora and Their Clinical Significance
- Common Gastrointestinal Tract Flora and Their Clinical Significance
- Which of the following GI organisms is considered beneficial in digestion and vitamin synthesis?
- Common Genitourinary Tract Flora and Their Clinical Significance
- Sterile Body Sites
- Clinical Culture Interpretation
- Clinical Culture Interpretation
- Why is accurate clinical culture interpretation critical in the microbiology laboratory?
- Types of Culture Media
- True or False: Enrichment media inhibit the growth of unwanted organisms.
- Incubation Conditions
- Colony Morphology & Plate Reading Fundamentals
- Recognizing Colony Characteristics: Colony Morphology
- Which colony characteristic refers to how light passes through a colony?
- Hemolysis Patterns on Blood Agar
- What hemolysis pattern on blood agar is characterized by a complete clearing around the colony?
- Key Reactions on Selective and Differential Media
- What does a yellow color change on mannitol salt agar indicate?
- Common Clinical Pathogens and Their Characteristics
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
- A Gram-positive cocci in clusters produces beta-hemolysis on blood agar and ferments mannitol on mannitol salt agar. Which organism is most likely pre...
- True or False: Enterococcus species are always considered contaminants when isolated from clinical specimens.
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- True or False: Escherichia coli typically produces pink colonies on MacConkey agar due to lactose fermentation.
- Yeasts and Fungi
- Atypical and Fastidious Organisms
- General Workup Guidelines by Major Body Site
- Respiratory Tract
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Genitourinary Tract
- A 26-year-old female presents with dysuria and urinary frequency. A clean-catch urine culture shows >100,000 CFU/mL of a single lactose-fermenting ...
- Sterile Body Sites
- A knee aspiration is collected from a 38-year-old patient with acute swelling and pain after a penetrating injury. Gram stain shows few polymorphonucl...
- Mixed Cultures versus Contamination: Deciding What Matters
- What is a Mixed Culture?
- Which finding most strongly suggests a mixed culture?
- Specimen Source Matters
- Colony Characteristics That Matter
- Deciding What to Work Up
- Which situation most clearly indicates the need for additional testing?
- Mixed Culture or Contamination?
- Which culture finding is most suggestive of contamination?
- Colonizers versus Clinically Significant Pathogens
- Distinguishing Colonizers from Clinically Significant Pathogens
- Body Site Considerations
- Quantity and Predominance of Growth
- Correlation with Gram Stain
- Specimen Quality
- Which specimen is most likely to yield clinically significant organisms rather than colonizers?
- Which factor should be considered first when determining whether an organism is clinically significant?
- References
Additional Information
Level of Instruction: Basic
Intended Audience: Medical laboratory scientists, medical laboratory technicians, laboratory supervisors, and laboratory managers. This course is also appropriate for MLS and MLT students and pathology residents.
Author Information:
Katie Ruger, M.Ed., B.S., M(ASCP)CM, is a Technical Specialist in the Diagnostic Infectious Diseases Laboratory at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, where she began her journey in 1998. She earned her undergraduate degree from Wright State University and a master's in education from Xavier University. After several years teaching a range of high school subjects, including Biology, Physical Science, and Earth Science, she transitioned to a career in Microbiology.
The author has no conflict of interest to disclose.
Reviewer Information: Hallee Waye, MS, MLS(ASCP)CM, has over 15 years of experience as a medical laboratory scientist. She has clinical experience in blood bank, microbiology, chemistry, hematology, urinalysis, and coagulation, as well as leadership experience as a Program Director. She currently works as a LIS systems analyst for UCHealth. She obtained her bachelor’s degree in microbiology from Colorado State University, attended the Colorado Center for Medical Laboratory Science to obtain her professional certificate in medical laboratory science, and completed her master’s degree in clinical laboratory science at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley.
